Hydrogen gas is collected and stored for various applications, while the oxygen gas can be used for other purposes or safely released into the atmosphere

First step

Extraction of seawater

The initial step involves obtaining seawater, as it serves as the abundant water source required for hydrogen production. Seawater's ready availability makes it a viable resource for this purpose

After desalination, the purified water undergoes electrolysis. Powered by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, electrolysis splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process involves passing an electric current through the water, causing the water molecules (H2O) to dissociate. Hydrogen ions (H+) migrate towards the cathode, while oxygen ions (O2-) migrate towards the anode

Hydrogen extraction using electrolyzes

Desalination of water

After extracting seawater, the next step involves desalination, which eliminates salt and impurities from the water. Desalination methods like reverse osmosis or distillation ensure the water is suitable for subsequent processes like electrolysis

Insulation

Due to the extremely low temperatures required to keep hydrogen in a liquid state, proper insulation is crucial to minimize heat transfer and prevent the hydrogen from re-vaporizing. Insulation materials such as vacuum panels or multi-layered insulation systems are utilized to maintain the low temperatures inside the storage containers and minimize energy loss

Handling and storing liquid hydrogen requires strict safety measures due to its low temperature, flammability, and potential for rapid vaporization. Safety features such as pressure relief systems, venting mechanisms, and leak detection systems are incorporated into the storage infrastructure to ensure safe operation and prevent accidents

Storage containers

Safety measures

Liquid hydrogen is stored in specialized containers designed to withstand the extremely low temperatures and the pressure exerted by the liquid. These containers are typically double-walled and vacuum-insulated to provide thermal insulation and maintain the stability of the liquid hydrogen

Compression

Before hydrogenation can take place, the gaseous hydrogen is typically compressed to increase its density. Compression reduces the volume occupied by hydrogen gas, making it more manageable and suitable for further processing

As the hydrogen gas is cooled, it undergoes condensation, transforming into a liquid. At cryogenic temperatures, the molecular motion of hydrogen slows down, causing the gas molecules to come closer together and form a liquid phase. The liquid hydrogen is collected and stored in specially designed containers or tanks

Condensation

Cooling

After compression, the hydrogen gas is cooled to extremely low temperatures. The cooling process is achieved using cryogenic systems, such as liquefiers or refrigeration units, which employ various cooling agents like liquid nitrogen or helium

Cryogenic insulation

Throughout the pipeline system, insulation measures are employed to minimize heat transfer and maintain the low temperatures required to keep the liquid hydrogen in its liquid state. The pipelines are usually double-walled and vacuum-insulated to provide effective thermal insulation and prevent energy loss

The transportation of liquid hydrogen through pipelines is subject to regulatory requirements and safety standards. Operators must adhere to these regulations to ensure the safe handling, transportation, and transfer of cryogenic fluids. Compliance with regulations may involve regular inspections, maintenance activities, and adherence to safety protocols

Monitoring and safety systems

Regulatory compliance

Pipeline transportation of liquid hydrogen requires robust monitoring and safety systems to ensure the integrity of the pipeline infrastructure and prevent leaks or accidents. Sensors, meters, and monitoring devices are installed along the pipeline to continuously monitor parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and composition. Automated safety systems can detect any anomalies and trigger appropriate responses, such as shutting off valves or activating emergency procedures

Pipeline infrastructure

A specialized pipeline network is established to connect the hydrogen production facilities, where the liquid hydrogen is stored, to the shipping dock at the port. The pipeline infrastructure consists of a series of interconnected pipes designed to handle the transportation of cryogenic fluids, such as liquid hydrogen, at extremely low temperatures and high pressures

At the shipping dock, specialized loading and unloading facilities are installed to handle the transfer of liquid hydrogen between the pipeline and the transportation vessels, such as hydrogen carriers or tanker ships. These facilities include loading arms, couplings, and safety systems designed to handle cryogenic fluids

Loading and unloading facilities

Transfer stations

Along the pipeline route, transfer stations are strategically located to facilitate the transfer of liquid hydrogen between storage tanks and the pipeline. These stations are equipped with the necessary equipment and controls to ensure safe and efficient transfer operations. They typically include pumps, valves, pressure regulation systems, and monitoring instruments